I have tried to move to exclusively using Mermaid for diagrams in my blog posts and documentation. It is a great tool for creating diagrams in a text based format that can be version controlled and easily edited. One of the limitations I have found is the lack of custom icons. This has been addressed by using the Iconify library which has a large collection of open source icons. Combined with the architecture-beta diagram type in Mermaid it is possible to create some great looking diagrams that go beyond the basic flow diagrams I have been using until now.

I've been thinking about why network documentation always feels incomplete. You know the feeling - you've got spreadsheets full of device details, beautiful network diagrams, and configuration backups. But when something breaks at 3am, you're still calling Dave from the pub because he's the only one who knows why VLAN 247 exists.

The problem isn't that we don't document things. It's that we're only capturing the bottom layer of what we actually need.

Azure Global Load Balancer is often overlooked in favour of Azure Traffic Manager when it comes to global load balancing. Both are very capable options if all you want is to distribute traffic across multiple regions. However, Azure Global Load Balancer has a few tricks up its sleeve that make it a more interesting choice in some scenarios. The main one is that it uses Anycast for its frontend IP addresses.

I build a lot of labs and demos in Azure, and I often start by creating resources manually in the portal. It's quick and easy to get something up and running. I am also keen to keep my Azure Lab environment costs as low as possible so I try to only run resources when I am using them. With a busy family life, three kids, a spaniel and a rather involved job, I don't have the time to be constantly building and tearing down environments so I use Terraform where I can to define the labs so I can spin them up and down as needed.

More than just an interview question​

I've sat on both sides of countless technical interviews over my years in networking. There's this familiar dance that happens when discussing OSPF: the candidate confidently states "OSPF uses Dijkstra's algorithm for route calculation," and I'll nod approvingly. But here's the thing - in hundreds of these exchanges, I've never once asked a candidate to explain what that actually means, and no one's ever asked me to explain it either.

There are a few things going on with ExpressRoute Gateways and they are related to Public IPs. First of all the retirement of Basic SKU Public IPs for ExpressRoute Gateways is something to be aware of as it has a hard end date and will require a migration to a different SKU. The second one is the HOBO (Hosted On Behalf Of) public IP feature which has an interesting drawback.

While rage coding a python MCP server for NetBox I realised I needed a better way to test it. You can use CURL to make requests of course but it turns out that there is a handy node.js package that provides comprehensive test capabilities for MCP servers.

Netbox open sourced their STDIO MCP server a while back and I have been playing around with it since then. The installation requires some local dependencies and the setup process was a bit tricky, but I managed to get it up and running with some trial and error. I found it substantially harder to set up and wouldn't necessarily trust that the sort of people who would benefit from having access to it would be able to easily set it up so I wanted to create a more user-friendly installation process by building an MCP server that runs remotely as a proxy to the Netbox API.

I have been working on a comprehensive approach to bringing network automation and documentation into a development style workflow. Rather than replacing the traditional ITSM approach to change management it moves infrastructure towards a CI/CD approach to releases with automation and baked in documentation.

I have been playing around with enforza.io for a while and it's a great solution for low cost internet egress across AWS and Azure. The platform give an easy to manage low cost NVA which can be scaled out to cloud spokes to give consistent egress policy. As HA (High Availability) is crucial for any production environment, I wanted to investigate how easy it was to combine more than one enforza instance to achieve a highly available egress solution.

Adam Stuart has a rather excellent rundown of the various ways you can approach SD-WAN connectivity into Azure cloud, providing comprehensive technical guidance for Azure-based deployments. Much of the same applies in AWS although I have often said that AWS networking is more complex and akin to something dreamt up by a stoned developer who couldn't even spell BGP. One of the legacy options included at the end of Adam's article is the cloud edge topology where you deploy physical hardware into a carrier neutral facility (CNF) like Equinix and use that as an interconnect between your SD-WAN and an ExpressRoute or Direct Connect circuit. This got me thinking about the uncertainty many organisations face when deciding how their overall cloud connectivity should evolve.

This article explores the journey from simple single-site connectivity to sophisticated multi-cloud SD-WAN architectures, examining the trade-offs, and implications of each approach. We'll walk through real-world topologies that organisations I have worked with commonly implement, from basic VPN connections to cloud-native SD-WAN NVA hubs, helping you understand which approach might be right for your organisation's scale and maturity level.

I was reminded today of a post I wrote for my old blog about using a dual AS for BGP ASN migrations and changes. It was written some time ago but the principles still apply today. I thought it was worth reposting here as it got lost in one of my blog's own migrations.

In a recent blog post I wrote: "As network engineers we are used to the declarative model of configuration management and so this fits nicely into that mindset - you declare what you want and Terraform will make it so." But declaring what you want is only half the battle. The real challenge lies in how you structure that declaration to handle the messy reality of business requirements whilst maintaining the automation benefits that drew us to declarative tools in the first place.

There is an excellent Terraform provider for Netbox that allows you to manage your Netbox resources using Terraform. This is particularly useful for automating the management of network devices, IP addresses, and other resources in a consistent and repeatable manner. I have been working through the process of setting this up and have found it to be a powerful tool for a documentation first and a documentation as code approach to network management.

I've had some concerns around Model Context Protocol being a new fad to put another front end on poorly managed data, like the search appliances Google sold a decade and a half ago, but I had a play with the MCP server for Netbox and it's pretty handy.

Since Anthropic open sourced the Model Context Protocol last year there have been lots of notable implementations across many areas of tech. Every day I seem to see a breathless introduction on LinkedIn to some new MCP front end to a service or dataset.

The impending deadline of Azure IP armageddon is nearly upon us. In March '26 a fairly major shift is taking place in Azure which will see a change to the default behaviour for outbound internet for Azure VMs. The change itself has been fairly well discussed but you can now get ahead of the curve with Azure Private Subnet and start building things as they will be after March 2026.

I happened upon the diagram below within the pages on default outbound internet access and it seemed a little counterintuitive. The decision flow seems to suggest that a VM will use the egress IP of a NAT gateway preferably over an assigned PIP.

The topic of documentation always comes up in tech and it's one that has had a lot of attention in world of software development which has led to some excellent solutions. In the world of infrastructure, however, the solutions have not been as readily available or adopted.

This is here primarily as a reminder to me; a note for when I need this again. You may already know this or you may find this useful to learn this.

A couple of days ago, I saw a meme targeted at network engineers that mentioned "the VLAN add disaster." I immediately understood what it meant. It feels like such a well-known thing now, enough to warrant a place in a meme, that it's become part of our professional zeitgeist over the last decade in networking.

Most people think of Azure Public Load Balancer as that thing that spreads web traffic across multiple servers. Fair enough - that's what it does best. But it's actually a Swiss Army knife for network address translation that can solve some tricky connectivity problems you might not expect.

I have found that Azure networking has been designed to be familiar to network engineers, even though a lot of the logical constructs are based on smoke and mirrors they largely behave like the things we're used to; a great example being the VNet that doesn't exist or the load balancer that is also a figment of our imagination. AWS Networking on the other hands seems to have been created by a bunch of developers high on peyote who thought they knew better than everyone else. This is why it took me a few years to pass the AWS Advanced Networking exam but only a few days to pass the Azure Networking Engineering Associate exam.

So here's something I definitely didn't see coming when I started my blog, I just got the email that I've been awarded Microsoft Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status for Cloud and Datacenter Management - On-Premises Networking.

The shift from traditional network perimeters to zero trust architectures represents one of the biggest changes in cybersecurity thinking over the past two decades. But there's a dangerous misconception floating around that zero trust means ditching network security controls for identity-based systems. This misunderstanding has led many organisations to roll out incomplete solutions that create new vulnerabilities while trying to fix legacy security problems.

Any time I have to do anything with OSPF I remind myself how it can be so damn awkward about MTU. A little while ago I was busy trying to integrate some Juniper SRX firewalls into a perimeter around some Cisco Nexus 7K and reached a problem that looked like MTU, smelled like MTU, quacked like MTU but we couldn't work out how it was MTU. Here's how it was MTU and what we learned.

The Arctic wind whipped across my face as I looked up at the entrance of what might be humanity's most important insurance policy. It has been a place that has fascinated me since I read a New Scientist article about it many years ago, and there I was, staring at the concrete wedge jutting from the mountainside, its façade glittering with an art installation that catches the summer Arctic sunlight.

In my previous post, I shared some basic latency tests across Azure networks. The results were pretty predictable: the closer things are physically, the faster they communicate. Not exactly groundbreaking.

But when I expanded my testing to include longer distances and different connection methods, I stumbled onto something genuinely surprising: PrivateLink connections can actually be faster than direct VNET peering - sometimes significantly so.

I had a look recently at Azure Subnet Peering which was mostly undocumented at the time except for a blog post by Jose Moreno, one of the gurus of Azure Networking.

I've already written a bit about various firewalls and their performance with FQDN filtering. I've also made the case for a 'less is more' approach to egress security where it makes sense. But the topic of FQDN filtering keeps coming up, so I thought I'd share a few more thoughts on it.

When I set out to explore network latency in Azure, I had a simple goal: to understand how physical distance affects performance. After all, we've all heard that farther apart means slower connections. But I wanted specifics - exactly how much slower? And how consistent is that performance? I also wanted to see how long lived TCP connections performed across the Azure network.

I'm sharing what I've learned from my first round of tests, setting a baseline that we can build on later.

I like to point out to people that it's easier to train a network person on cloud than it is to train a cloud person on networks. It's a glib generalisation but it holds true for the most part because there is so much to networking that comes from history and quite a lot of grounding that a seasoned network engineer or architect will already understand. A big chunk of the AWS and Azure networking certification covers BGP and that's one of the reasons they are considered quite hard for some but quite easy for others. BGP is a topic that many very experienced network engineers in enterprise networking can get through their entire career without touching, but for those who operate at scale or work with MSP and telco networks it's bread and butter.

I've been exploring a pretty niche feature preview that you can find documented here. In some cases, you might want to expand the size of a subnet, but if you have a constrained IP space, you might not have contiguous space available. Here's what I've found you can do.

Introduction: Beyond the Basics​

FizzBuzz has long been a staple of programming interviews. The problem is deceptively simple: print numbers from 1 to n, but replace multiples of 3 with "Fizz", multiples of 5 with "Buzz", and multiples of both with "FizzBuzz". It's not meant to be a challenging algorithmic puzzle; most candidates with basic programming knowledge should solve it without difficulty.

So why does this trivial problem persist in the interview landscape? Because I believe FizzBuzz's true value isn't in filtering out candidates who can't code—it's in opening discussions about complexity, language characteristics, optimisation, and the subtle costs of different operations. The best interviewers don't just ask candidates to solve FizzBuzz; they use it as a starting point for a deeper technical conversation.

A little while ago I set out to find a way to measure the overhead that FQDN filtering places on HTTPS web traffic. I've shared the results here, but I thought I'd take the opportunity to discuss the methodology in a bit more detail.

How Economic Growth Reshaped the Gender Equality Conversation

The Great Misdirection​

Have we been sold a false bill of goods when it comes to gender equality in the workplace? When women fought to enter the workforce en masse in the latter half of the 20th century, the vision wasn't simply to double household working hours. Yet somewhere along the way, what was once revolutionary became a requirement—the 40-hour workweek per household transformed into 80 hours just to maintain the same standard of living our parents achieved.

I've always had a lingering fear that I'll break my site due to the somewhat precise nature of Docusaurus. It's a concern that's grown since I opened up the site for others to submit pull requests. While I run live rendering during my own updates, I can't guarantee others will do the same. So I've added a simple action on top of my existing GitHub Action which is triggered when a pull request is created. This new action builds the site and captures the output from npm run build --verbose, then adds it as a comment to the pull request.

I found an interesting little field hidden in plain sight in Microsoft documentation. A clever chap recently said this to me: 'if you can figure out what problem the engineers were trying to solve then it makes it easier to understand why the product works the way it does'.

When you create a VNet in Azure or a VPC in AWS, you need to allocate a CIDR range for your subnets. There are key differences between these cloud providers when expanding networks, which can create challenges. Knowing these rules from the start helps you plan your CIDR ranges better. I'll start with what's similar across AWS and Azure, then look at the differences.

Make it make sense​

I will always be a network engineer, and that means some words have very specific meanings that have taken root in my soul. The terminology within ExpressRoute has bothered me for ages, and when speaking to a few people, I found that I'm not the only one who finds it unintuitive. To me, a circuit is a single link, but to Microsoft, a circuit is the pair of links and the associated peerings! Two thumbs up to that, Microsoft, or rather in your own language 'one ExpressRoute thumb'.

There seems to be an obsession over on Reddit about the Mandela Effect which was named after a collective but strongly held false memory that the eponymous Nelson Mandela had died in prison in the '80s. It seems that our minds can play tricks on us and sometimes things which we clearly remember turn out to be a shared fantasy. I feel a little like this about those weird two weeks in about April 2021, in midst of the 'rona years, where everyone on LinkedIn got Aviatrix certification for free and then shared it with their contacts so that they too could benefit from a free certification in an emerging technology vendor's product. The reason I'm not sure if it's a Mandela Effect is that I don't really think I've heard of anyone since who has actually used that certification for anything other than to pad out their Credly.

I took a look at egress security a little while ago and advocated for the 'less is more' approach for most organisations due to the proliferation of VPCs and vNets and the risk of either having a very large amount of very expensive firewalls providing very little value or, perhaps worse, another pet in the form of centralised internet egress. But I think there may be another way.

A Matter of Western Digital Privilege​

In a recent conversation about IPv6 adoption at a Western technology company, I witnessed a familiar scene play out. Engineers and architects discussed IPv6 implementation as an optional future consideration rather than an immediate necessity. 'We don't really need it yet', was the prevailing sentiment. This perspective, common among Western organisations, reveals a profound blindspot born of privilege – one that unconsciously perpetuates digital inequality on a global scale.

Counting prefixes the same way my wife counts my mistakes​

Anyone who has accidentally advertised too many prefixes and watched their ISP BGP peerings collapse (I'm looking at you, BT) knows that prefix limits are a common safeguard in networking. While exploring anycast configurations in Azure, I carefully noted the official Route Server prefix limit of 1,000 routes. However, I recently discovered something far more interesting in the fine print about how Azure actually calculates this limit.

A good friend of mine is taking his AZ-700 next week and asked me a few questions about Azure Traffic Manager, Azure Front Door and the WAF capabilities in Azure. Some of the questions in his practice exams were a bit confusing. As he's not only a good friend but also the kind chap who proof reads a lot of these blog posts, I thought I'd try to explain what the options are and when you'd use them. On a side note, if you fancy talking to a top tier network guy and all-round nice fella, I thoroughly recommend you look up Zain Khan.

Introduction​

When working with Azure cloud networking, I've noticed certain limitations, particularly around DNS capabilities for private networks. In this post, I'll explore an unconventional approach: using Amazon Route 53 to address some of Azure's DNS limitations. While this might seem controversial, it offers interesting solutions to two specific challenges: cross-region failover for private resources and closest-instance routing within private networks.

I had a conversation today about sharding in Azure. It's a fairly well-known thing in AWS but it's employed in Azure as well and has some important implications for workload placement in a few specific use cases. In this post, I'll explore the concept of AZ sharding, its implications for cross-subscription services, and techniques for mapping physical AZs to achieve optimal performance.

I've recently been exploring one of the sneaky under-the-radar features that could be a game changer in the near future: Azure Subnet Peering. This is a feature that's already there in the API but not really documented or productised yet.

Introduction​

I've been asked to explain networks to people with no experience several times and it's hard to know where to start. There's so much history and so many computer science concepts that have led us to where we are today. I've always believed that to truly understand something, you need to be able to explain it to someone else. My goal here isn't just to explain the bits that make the internet work, but also to organise my own understanding and explore areas where I've taken things on faith instead of questioning why they exist. I'll start from nothing and rebuild the internet from scratch, solving the same problems that got us where we are today.

Breaking the Technical Hierarchy Trap​

In tech, we often assume technical teams should be led by the most technically skilled people. This common thinking, while it seems sensible, might actually be stopping organisations from reaching their full potential. Promoting technical experts to management creates a range of problems that affect everything from innovation to career growth.

I've put together a summary of some common search algorithms and how they work. This post covers key search algorithms used in computer science, explaining their approaches, strengths, weaknesses, and showing Python implementation examples.

Let's explore solutions for global site load balancing.

Note for US readers: CV, or Curriculum Vitae, is the standard term in the UK and many other countries for what Americans call a resume. While traditionally a CV might be longer and more detailed than a resume, the terms are often used interchangeably in today's international job market.

I was chatting with a friend who's studying for his AZ-700 exam, and he showed me this rather neat way of finding your IP address using Google DNS.

The Mystery Begins​

The reason I fell down the rabbit hole with regard to finding my public IP was because of a section in an old Azure networking book my friend was reading. It said:

To allow Azure internal communication between resources in Virtual Networks and Azure services, Azure assigns public IP addresses to VMs, which identifies them internally. Let's call these public IP addresses AzPIP (this is an unofficial abbreviation). You can check the Azure internal Public IP address bound to the VM with the command dig TXT short o-o.myaddr.google.com.

My Perspective​

After 20+ years implementing network and cloud infrastructure across finance, retail, healthcare, and public sector, I've seen a clear pattern: cloud success strongly links to an organisation's readiness. Yet surprisingly few organisations do thorough readiness checks before starting their cloud journey.

Lessons from Personal Tech and Enterprise IT​

Notifications and alerts are everywhere in our always-on, connected world. But as I've learned from personal experience and my work in enterprise IT, more alerts don't always mean better outcomes. In fact, too many alerts can be completely counterproductive.

When packets travel through a cloud network, they face many decision points. Among these, one stands out as really important: the initial routing decision. At its heart is an algorithm that might seem strange at first - the Longest Prefix Match (LPM). Why do we prioritise longer prefix matches? Why not shorter ones, or why not simply use the first match we find? The answer lies in a fascinating mix of computing efficiency, network design, and how cloud computing has evolved.

By far the stand out session for me at Ignite this year was Unveiling the latest in Azure Networking for a secure connected cloud | BRK240 which covered a lot of interesting announcements and enhancements in Azure Networking. Many of these are particularly relevant for projects I'm working on right now.

Rethinking Infrastructure Support​

In IT operations, there's a metric that network teams know all too well: Mean Time to Innocence (MTTI). It's how long it takes for a network team to prove they're not responsible for an outage or performance issue. While that might sound funny, it highlights a serious problem in how we structure our infrastructure teams.

I've now extended the GitHub action for those of us who want to create sites in Docusaurus and then have our committed and pushed changes automatically built and synced to an S3 bucket. Static S3 sites are a great way to host static content, and Docusaurus is a brilliant tool for rendering sites out of simple markdown content.

The problem​

I used to run a hosted Linux web server, which was great for stuff like all those weird little scripts and things I wanted to run 'always on'. After a while I put a few websites on it, and some websites for friends, and my little brother, and the local residents association, and next thing I knew I was running a load of instances of WordPress. I was also constantly fending off the advances of hackers who were forever finding exploits in the famously insecure blogging platform.

The Business Case Challenge

I've found that traditional justifications for SD-WAN adoption have often focused on cost savings versus MPLS or enhanced network features. However, these arguments frequently fall short under scrutiny. The fundamental challenges that limited VPN adoption in enterprise networks – including performance consistency, reliability, and operational complexity – remain relevant despite improvements in internet infrastructure.

I wrote an article about a rather neat solution for global application delivery in Azure via anycast, however there are some limitations which exist to prevent transit routing in Azure that I'd like to discuss further.

Is it as great as Microsoft says or as bad as the customers say?​

When Microsoft unveiled Azure Virtual WAN, it was heralded as a revolutionary solution for simplifying complex networking scenarios in the cloud. The vision was compelling: a comprehensive service that would streamline branch connectivity to Azure, enable seamless hub-and-spoke architectures, provide automated routing with simplified security, and offer easy integration with SD-WAN appliances. For organisations grappling with the intricacies of cloud networking, this sounded like a panacea and I know plenty who fell for it. However, as many have discovered, the reality of implementing and managing Virtual WAN has proven far more challenging than initially anticipated.

I'm working on a DHCP migration and discovered the previous admins didn't clean up old scopes when sites closed. It's hard to identify dead scopes from lease numbers since some live sites are rarely used. So I've created a simple script to ping the default gateway to check if the subnet still exists.

The Case for Application-Level Controls

Introduction​

I've noticed that an organisation's approach to securing outbound internet traffic often reflects its security maturity more than its technical requirements. System-to-system communication, such as API calls to cloud services, presents fundamentally different challenges compared to user browsing. Understanding these differences is crucial for implementing effective security controls without unnecessary complexity or risk.

Not all FQDN filters are built the same.

The glue you never knew you needed.

Introduction​

I've seen many organisations face the challenge of securely exposing services across various network boundaries. Whether it's sharing resources during a merger, providing services to customers, or managing internal shared services, the need for secure, private connections is paramount. Azure Private Link service is a powerful solution to these challenges, offering a way to enable private connectivity to services in Azure across organisational and networking boundaries without exposure to the public internet.

I recently went down the AWS Gateway Load Balancer rabbit hole, and I've found it to be an interesting solution to some quite specific problems. There are use cases for it on ingress and egress where regulatory requirements, or more likely legacy skillsets, dictate that traffic passes through NVA-based network security appliances. The problem with NVAs in AWS is often the difficulty in scaling them. You need to distribute traffic, and typically you need a load balancer, but you can't use an ALB or an NLB because unlike Azure, the load balancers in AWS don't allow for traffic routing, so they can't be targets for route tables in the same way Azure load balancers can be targets for UDRs.

There used to be a great little website for route summarisation and it did it far more intelligently than Cisco kit does it. It looks like the site has dropped off the internet which is a shame but there is a handy python library called netaddr with has the same capabilities.

I have written a little wrapper for it which will regex the prefixes out of a ‘show ip bgp’ and then list the summary routes. You pass the output of ‘show ip bgp’ as a text file, it’s the only argument the script expects.